Helen Hirsch nee Meyer, a mixed marriage that was dissolved when her husband emigrated to England

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Interview with Helen Hirsch, the daughter of Christian parents. Her mother, Mrs. Meyer, managed a large boarding house in Teplitz/Teplice, where Hirsch spent her youth until she married Egon Hirsch, a Jewish insurance agent for the “Viktoria” company. The couple lived first in Bodenbach/Vrchlabí, then in Karlsbad/Karlovy Vary. When Germany annexed the Sudetenland, they fled to Prague. Immediately after Prague was taken by the Germans, she succeeded in getting an exit permit for her husband, which enabled him to go to the UK. As a Christian, she was not allowed to leave the country and her marriage was dissolved on Gestapo orders. With labor conscription in Czechoslovakia, she took various jobs where she could be helpful to Jews or where she could sabotage the work of the Germans. She also sheltered a Jewish friend. In 1946 Hirsch could join her husband in the UK and their marriage was legalized again. However, the seven years of separation had estranged them and after three years they got a divorce. After working for refugees, she finally obtained work with the European service of the BBC.

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  1. English
  2. German
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MASTER - INDEX (P - Scheme)

1. Index Number: P.III.e. No. 939

2. Title of document: GESTAPO INSISTS ON DIVORCE OF A MIXED MARRIAGE.

3. Date: 1930 - 1945.

4. Number of pages: 4

Language: German

5. Author or Source: Mrs. Helen Hirsch, née Meyer, late of Teplitz-Schönau, Č.S.R., London.

6. Recorded: by Mrs. Nelly Wolffheim, London.

7. Received: July 1958.

8. Form and Contents: Interview with Mrs. H. She is the daughter of Christian parents. Her mother, Mrs. MEYER, née KERL, managed a large boarding-house in TEPLITZ, where Mrs. H. spent her youth until she married EGON HIRSCH, Jewish, insurance agent for VIKTORIA company. The couple lived first in BODENBACH, then in KARLSBAD. When Hitler annexed the SUDETENLAND, they fled to PRAGUE. Immediately Prague was taken by the Germans, Mrs. H. prepared for their emigration. She succeeded in getting an exit permit Ior Mr. H. which enabled him to go to ENGLAND. She as a Christian was not allowed to leave the country, and her marriage was DISSOLVED on Gestapo orders. With LABOUR CONSCRIPTION in CZECHOSLOVAKIA, she took various jobs where she could be helpful to Jews, or where she could sabotage the work of the Germans. She also sheltered a Jewish friend. With a doctor’s certificate that she was suffering from Tb. she managed to get time off for holidays in the mountains, but when she finally joined her mother in TEPLITZ, she had to attend a doctor who treated her alleged disease with painful injections. After the end of the war, Russians occupied Teplitz, and for fear of Russian acts of violence, the women took German prisoners of war into their house, but the constant nervous strain and fear of deportation drove the mother to suicide. - In 1946 Mrs. H. could join her husband in England, and their marriage was legalised again. However, the 7 years of separation had estranged them, and after 3 years they got a divorce. After the usual type of work for refugees, Mrs. H. finally obtained work with the European SERVICE of the B.B.C. She lost all her possessions in Teplitz-Schönau.

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Gestapo Insists on Divorce of a Mixed Marriage

Helene Hirsch, born Meyer.

Born: 7 November 1905 in Teplice. She remained an only child.

Father: Ship’s captain on a trade ship. Of German nationality, living in Hamburg. He died in 1908. He and Helene’s mother were divorced shortly before his death.

Mother: Ella Meyer, born Kerl, married in 1904. Married for a second time in 1922 to a banker named Perutz in Teplice.

Helene’s mother continued to run the boarding house founded by the grandmother, Mrs Marie Kerl, after her death. Helene spent her childhood and youth here until her marriage.

Helene's mother died from suicide on 6 June 1945 in Teplice.

Native country: Through her father’s nationality: Germany.

Religion: Evangelical. Her mother was Catholic.

Due to her mother’s contact with Jewish people, as a child Helene mainly had Jewish friends throughout her school years. The other Christian schoolgirls resented her for this, which later led to a strong sense of isolation, especially in the dance classes. One lifelong friendship with a Jewish girl began in the pram.

It was not unusual in Teplice for Jews and Christians to meet, since the well-off Jewish population held a fairly dominant position. Furthermore, many Jewish boarders were living in Helene's grandmother’s house (later her mother’s), so friendly relations began quite naturally.

As a young woman, through her interest in sport Helene mostly socialised with Christian groups. She was well-known as a tennis player. A close friendship with a man built up on this basis. With time however, this changed and at the age of 25 Helene married a Jewish man who was born in Teplice. When the engagement was announced, Helene was annoyed by the Christian and the Jewish families alike in that the Christians found it wrong that she should marry a Jew, and the Jews found this Jew socially beneath her. The marriage was however especially good – until Hitler and the circumstances created by him interfered.

The husband, Egon Hirsch, was a top insurance agent at the Viktoria company. He got a job in Bodenbach, where the young couple relocated (1930). There they only had contact with Jewish people, the Jews and the Christians did not socialise. They did have one non-Jewish acquaintance, a colleague of Egon’s who often came to their house. He was resented for this by the Christian side.

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In 1933 Egon was moved to Karlsbad, which was an improvement in every way. They felt so happy there that Egon did not want to leave the place when in 1938 Hitler annexed the Sudentenland and almost all Jews fled to (at that time still safe) Prague. But Helene finally managed to persuade him, so they both went to Prague leaving everything behind in Karlsbad. The atmosphere there in the Jewish community was extremely depressing and Egon and Helene felt altogether so unhappy that they returned to Karlsbad. But not for long! After a week the situation in the Sudentenland got so much worse that they again fled to Prague, this time for good. In 1939 however, Hitler also occupied Prague. Helene assessed the situation more accurately than her husband and she pulled out all the stops to make it possible for them both to emigrate. In her spirited manner she went directly with Egon’s passport to the Gestapo and in order to get him a permit to leave the country, she came up with the excuse that he wanted to visit his sick mother-in-law. She also managed to get him a ticket, and so he was able to make the journey to England. Helene herself was not granted permission to leave, since as a Christian she was not allowed to leave the country. Her passport was even taken away and she only got it back two months later. She kept trying, but when she finally was allowed to leave the country, she did not get the visa for England, so had to stay in Prague. Until he left in March 1939, Egon was able to continue working for his insurance company Viktoria in Prague. The marriage was dissolved upon the orders of the Gestapo once Egon’s passport had arrived from England.

Until 1946 when Helene was finally able to join her husband living in London, her life went by as follows: Since in Czechoslovakia there was labour conscription, she looked for work although she did not have the financial need to.

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She joined a Czech lawyer who needed to take on someone who could speak German, where she worked in office service. After she had been working there about a year, she gave up the job and, as she was used to doing, went for a few weeks to do winter sports in the mountains. This surprising fact was brought about by a doctor’s certificate stating that she had TB. The reasoning given was that the X-ray image showed a healed over shadow and the longstanding slightly raised temperatures were indicative of TB. The lung disease of an aunt who had died early was also put to use for this purpose. In fact Helene Hirsch never had any such disease, but the employment office never made any difficulties for her, neither this first time, nor over any of the other various later medical certificates. Also, at a time when she was supposed to go to the ammunitions factory, she was exempted. She worked in various roles, either where the employment of a German was required, or else, as in the case of Viktoria, where in view of Egon’s work there, they wanted to help her. On one occasion she found employment through a Christian manager who had declared his Jewish wife as a half Jew, felt insecure and wanted to hire anyone who he knew to have an anti-Nazi stance. Helene used these various jobs, where opportunities always arose, to sabotage the work of the Germans. She also sheltered a Jewish acquaintance in her place of living for a while. He had come to Prague after his Christian wife had driven him out of Vienna. He was eventually discovered and sent to Theresienstadt concentration camp where he took his own life by touching electrically charged barbed wire.

A month and a half before the end of the war Helene was able to go to Teplice to see her mother with a certificate from the employment office, again acknowledging her

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tuberculosis. She had to attend a doctor in Teplice, who gave her very painful injections against the supposed disease, but she wanted to stay in Teplice so she had to put herself through that.

Two months after the peace agreement, when the Russians occupied Teplice, the two women (the mother was still alive) took French prisoners of war under their protection in their house. Apart from the fear of the Russians, they were also troubled by the possibility of deportation, and this drove the mother to suicide.

Helene was one of the first to be able to go to England. She profusely thanked an English lady, a Christian, who had readily accepted Egon, for her tireless efforts. Since Egon had always declared himself to the authorities in England as married, it was soon possible to get the marriage, which had only been dissolved under the Nazi regime, legally valid again. As it turned out however, due to the fact that their experiences over the seven years of their separation had estranged them so much from one another, after three years together, Helene and Egon again divorced. Afterwards, like almost all refugees, Helene tried a wide variety of types of work. In 1947 she eventually got a job as a secretary for the European Service of the BBC, where she still works today.

Helene's possessions and the large house in Teplice were lost through the circumstances without any prospect of proportionate refunding.

Helen Hirsch

3. Juli 1958

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MASTER - INDEX (P - Scheme)

1. Index Number: P.III.e. No. 939

2. Title of document: GESTAPO INSISTS ON DIVORCE OF A MIXED MARRIAGE.

3. Date: 1930 - 1945.

4. Number of pages: 4

Language: German

5. Author or Source: Mrs. Helen Hirsch, née Meyer, late of Teplitz-Schönau, Č.S.R., London.

6. Recorded: by Mrs. Nelly Wolffheim, London.

7. Received: July 1958.

8. Form and Contents: Interview with Mrs. H. She is the daughter of Christian parents. Her mother, Mrs. MEYER, née KERL, managed a large boarding-house in TEPLITZ, where Mrs. H. spent her youth until she married EGON HIRSCH, Jewish, insurance agent for VIKTORIA company. The couple lived first in BODENBACH, then in KARLSBAD. When Hitler annexed the SUDETENLAND, they fled to PRAGUE. Immediately Prague was taken by the Germans, Mrs. H. prepared for their emigration. She succeeded in getting an exit permit Ior Mr. H. which enabled him to go to ENGLAND. She as a Christian was not allowed to leave the country, and her marriage was DISSOLVED on Gestapo orders. With LABOUR CONSCRIPTION in CZECHOSLOVAKIA, she took various jobs where she could be helpful to Jews, or where she could sabotage the work of the Germans. She also sheltered a Jewish friend. With a doctor’s certificate that she was suffering from Tb. she managed to get time off for holidays in the mountains, but when she finally joined her mother in TEPLITZ, she had to attend a doctor who treated her alleged disease with painful injections. After the end of the war, Russians occupied Teplitz, and for fear of Russian acts of violence, the women took German prisoners of war into their house, but the constant nervous strain and fear of deportation drove the mother to suicide. - In 1946 Mrs. H. could join her husband in England, and their marriage was legalised again. However, the 7 years of separation had estranged them, and after 3 years they got a divorce. After the usual type of work for refugees, Mrs. H. finally obtained work with the European SERVICE of the B.B.C. She lost all her possessions in Teplitz-Schönau.

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P.III.e. No. 939

Nelly Wolffheim

SCHEIDUNG EINER MISCH-EHE AUF VERLANGEN DER GESTAPO

Helene Hirsch, geborene Meyer.

Geboren: 7. November 1905 in Teplitz-Schönau. Sie blieb einziges Kind.

Vater: Schiffskapitän eines Handelsschiffes. Deutscher, in Hamburg wohnend. Er starb 1908. Die Ehe mit Helenes Mutter wurde kurz vor seinem Tode geschieden.

Mutter: Ella Meyer, geborene Kerl heiratete 1904. In zweiter Ehe verheiratet 1922 mit Bankier Perutz in Teplitz-Schönau.

Helenes Mutter führte nach dem Tode der Grossmutter, Frau Marie Kerl, das von dieser begründete Pensionshaus in Teplitz-Schönau weiter. Hier verlebte Helene ihre Kindheit und Jugend bis zu ihrer Verheiratung.

Helenes Mutter starb durch Selbstmord am 6. Juni 1945 in Teplitz-Schönau.

Heimatland durch die Nationalität des Vaters: Deutschland.

Religion: Evangelisch. Die Mutter war Katholikin.

Durch den jüdischen Verkehr ihrer Mutter hatte Helene als Kind vorherrschend jüdische Freundinnen während ihrer Schuljahre, was ihr von ihren christlichen Mitschulerinnen verübelt wurde und später, besonders in der Tanzstunde, zu einer störenden Isolierung führte. Eine durch das ganze Leben dauernde Freundschaft mit einer Jüdin begann bereits im Kinderwagen.

Es war in Teplitz keine Seltenheit, dass Juden und Christen zusammenkamen, da die gut situierte jüdische Einwohnerschaft eine ziemlich dominierende Stellung einnahm Ausserdem wohnten viele jüdische Pensionäre in dem Haus von Helenes Grossmutter, resp. später bei ihrer Mutter, so dass sich ganz von selbst freundschaftliche Beziehungen anbahnten.

In ihrer Jung-Mädchen-Zeit kam Helene durch ihre sportlichen Interessen vorwiegend mit christlichen Kreisen zusammen; sie war eine bekannte Tennis-Spielerin. Eine nahe Freundschaft mit einem Mann bildete sich auf dieser Basis. Nach und nach aber änderte sich dies und Helene heiratete mit 25 Jahren einen jüdischen Mann, der in Teplitz gebürtig war. Als die Verlobung bekannt wurde verargte man diese Helene in jüdischen und christlichen Familien gleicherweise: die Christen fanden es unecht, dass sie einen Juden nahm, die Juden fanden diesen Juden als sozial unter ihr stehend. Die Ehe war aber eine besonders gute - bis Hitler und die durch ihn geschaffenen Umstände störend eingriffen.

Der Mann, Egon Hirsch, war ein höherer Versicherungsbeamter bei der Viktoria. Er bekam dort eine Stellung in Bodenbach a.d. Elbe, wohin das junge Paar übersiedelte (l930). Sie hatten dort nur jüdischen Verkehr, einen Verkehr zwischen Juden und Christen gab es nicht. Einen nichtjüdischen Bekannten hatten sie, wohl einen Kollegen Egon’s, der viel in ihr Haus kam, was ihm jedoch von christlicher Seite verargt wurde.

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Im Jahre 1933 wurde Egon nach Karlsbad versetzt, was in jeder Beziehung eine Verbesserung war. Sie fühlten sich dort so wohl, dass Egon den Platz nicht verlassen wollte, als 1938 Hitler nach Sudetenland kam und fast alle Juden nach Prag- damals noch sicher - flüchteten. Es gelang Helene aber schliesslich, ihn zu überzeugen, und so fuhren beide, alles in Karlsbad zurücklassend, nach Prag. Die dortige Stimmung in den jüdischen Kreisen war eine äusserst niedergedrückte, und alles in allem fühlten sich Egon und Helene so unfroh , dass sie nach Karlsbad zurückkehrten. Doch nicht für lange. Nach einer Woche spitzte sich die Situation im Sudetenland so zu, dass sie nun endgültig nach Prag flüchteten. Hitler besetzte 1939 aber auch Prag. Helene übersah die Situation richtiger als ihr Mann und setzte alle Hebel in Bewegung ihnen beiden die Auswanderung zu ermöglichen. In ihrer energischen Art ging sie sofort mit Egons Pass zur Gestapo und bekam mit der Ausrede, er wolle seine kranke Schwiegermutter besuchen, für ihn die Ausreiseerlaubnis. Es gelang ihr auch für ihn eine Fahrkarte zu erhalten, und so konnte er die Reise nach England antreten. Helene selbst wurde die Erlaubnis zur Ausreise nicht erteilt, da sie als Christin das Land nicht verlassen durfte. Man nahm ihr sogar ihren Pass fort, den sie erst nach zwei Monaten zurückerhielt. Sie bemühte sich weiter, jedoch als sie schliesslich hätte ausreisen dürfen, bekam sie kein Visum für England, so dass sie in Prag bleiben musste. Egon hatte bis zu seinem Weggang, März 1939, in Prag bei seiner Versicherungsgesellschaft Viktoria weiterarbeiten können. Die Ehe wurde auf Verlangen der Gestapo, nachdem Egons Erlaubnis aus England eingetroffen war, geschieden.

Bis Helene schliesslich im Jahre 1946 ihrem in London lebenden Mann nachreisen konnte, verlief ihr Leben folgendermassen: Da in der Tschechoslowakai Arbeitszwang bestand, sah sie sich ohne geldliche Notwendigkeit nach einer Arbeit um.

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Sie trat bei einem Tschechischen Anwalt in den Bürodienst, da dieser jemanden aufnehmen musste, der deutsch sprechen könnte. Nachdem sie etwa ein Jahr dort tätig war, gab sie den Posten auf und ging für einige Wochen, wie sie es gewohnt war, zum Wintersport ins Gebirge. Diese überraschend wirkende Tatsache wurde durch ein ärztliches Attest erreicht, das besagte, sie hätte TB. Als Begründung wurde angegeben, dass die Röntgen-Aufnähme einen verheilten Schatten zeigte und die seit langem bestehenden leichten Temperatursteigerungen auf TB hinwiesen. Zudem wurde die Lungenkrankheit einer früh verstorbenen Tante auch für den Zweck nutzbar gemacht. Tatsächlich hatte Helene Hirsch niemals eine derartige Erkrankung, aber das Arbeitsamt machte ihr keinerlei Schwierigkeiten, weder dies erste Mal noch bei den verschiedenen späteren ärztlichen Attesten. Auch als sie zu einer Zeit in die Munitionsfabrik gehen sollte, wurde sie befreit, sie arbeitete an verschiedenen Stellen, entweder, wo die Beschäftigung einer Deutschen vorgeschrieben war, oder aber, wie bei der Viktoria, wo man in Hinblick auf Egons Tätigkeit dort, ihr helfen wollte. In einem Fall fand sie dadurch Anstellung, dass ein christlicher Direktor, der seine jüdische Frau als Halbjüdin ausgegeben hatte, sich unsicher fühlte und jemanden anstellen wollte, deren Anti-Nazi-Haltung ihm bekannt war. Diese verschiedenen Arbeitsplätze benutzte Helene, wo immer sich Gelegenheit bot, zu einer die Deutschen schädigenden Verhaltungsweise. Sie verbarg auch eine Zeitlang einen jüdischen Bekannten in ihrer Wohnung. Er war nach Prag gekommen, nachdem seine christliche Frau ihn aus Wien vertrieben hatte. Schliesslieh wurde er entdeckt, kam nach Theresienstadt und nahm sich dort das Leben, indem er einen elektrisch geladenen Stacheldraht berührte.

1 ½ Monate vor Kriegsende konnte Helene nach Teplitz zu ihrer Mutter gehen mit einem Zeugnis vom Arbeitsamt, das ihre

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Tuberkolose wieder anerkannte. Sie musste sich in Teplitz einem Arzt vorstellen, der ihr sehr schmerzhafte Einspritzungen gegen die vermeintliche Krankheit gab, da sie aber in Teplitz bleiben wollte, musste sie sich dem aussetzen.

Als zwei Monate nach Friedensschluss die Russen nach Teplitz kamen, nahmen die beiden Frauen - die Mutter lebte damals noch - französische Kriegsgefangene zum Schutz ins Haus. Abgesehen von der Russen-Angst wurden sie auch durch die Möglichkeit der Verschickung beunruhigt, was zu dem Selbstmord der Mutter führte.

Helen gehörte zu den Ersten, die nach England kommen konnten, sie verdankte dies wohl grösstenteils den unermüdlichen Bemühungen einer Englischen Dame, Christin, die sich Egons sehr angenommen hatte. Da Egon sich in England den Behörden gegenüber immer als verheiratet ausgegeben hatte, gelang es bald die nur unter dem Naziregime gelöste Ehe wieder rechtsgültig zu machen. Es stellte sich aber heraus, dass sich Egon und Helene auf Grund ihrer Erlebnisse in den sieben Jahren der Trennung so auseinander gelebt hatten, dass sie sich nach drei Jahren des Zusammenseins aufs neue scheiden liessen. Nachdem Helene, wie ja fast alle Refugees, die verschiedensten Verdienstmöglichkeiten versuchte, kam sie schliesslich im Jahre 1947 als Sekretärin zum European Service des B.B.C. wo sie noch heute ist.

Helenes Vermögen und das grosse Haus in Teplitz-Schönau sind ihr durch die Verhältnisse verloren gegangen ohne Aussicht auf entsprechende Rückerstattung.

Helen Hirsch

3. Juli 1958

References

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The United Kingdom declared war on Nazi Germany on 3 September 1939, after the German invasion of Poland. After the defeat of France in the spring of 1940, the British Expeditionary Force withdrew from the European Continent. Although the Channel Islands near the French coast did fall into German hands, from the summer of 1940 until 1945, mainland Britain resisted German invasion and became a refuge for many governments-in-exile and refugees of the occupied countries in Europe. At the outbrea...

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